SYNDROMES

ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES

* ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME: Radiation exposure.
o 12 hours post-exposure: Vomiting
o 24 hours post-exposure: Prostration (extreme exhaustion), fever, diarrhea
o Later: Petechial hemorrhage, hypotension, tachycardia, profuse bloody diarrhea, maybe death.
* CHINESE RESTAURANT SYNDROME: MSG reaction ------> Chest Pain, burning sensation over parts of body.
* BROWN-SEQUARD SYNDROME: Damage (injury) to half of spinal cord ------> symptoms:
o Loss of pain and temperature sensation on contralateral side of body.
o Loss of proprioception and discriminatory touch on ipsilateral side of body.

CARDIOVASCULAR

* ADAMS-STOKES SYNDROME: Heart block, with slow or absent pulse, often accompanied by convulsions.
* BARLOW SYNDROME: Floppy Mitral Valve Syndrome; Massive Mitral Valve Prolapse ------> Late apical systolic murmur, systolic click, or both.
* EISENMENGER'S SYNDROME: Ventricular-Septal Defect ------> Pulmonary hypertension and cyanosis.
* FLOPPY-VALVE SYNDROME: Mitral Incompetence due to myxomatous degeneration of the leaflets.
* LERICHE'S SYNDROME: Occlusion of distal aorta ------>
o Hip, thigh, and calf fatigue.
o Impotence
* BEHCET'S SYNDROME: Vasculitis ------> secondary symptoms:
o Oral and genital ulcers
o Uveitis
o Optic atrophy
* SHOULDER-HAND SYNDROME: Pain in shoulder and swelling in hand, sometimes occurring after Myocardial Infarction.
* SICK SINUS SYNDROME: Chaotic atrial activity; continual changes in P-Waves. Bradycardia, alternating with recurrent ectopic beats and runs of tachycardia.
* SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME: Caused by a tumor. Obstruction of SVC ------>
o Edema
o Engorgement of the vessels of face, neck, and arms.
o Nonproductive cough
o Dyspnea
* TAKAYASU'S SYNDROME: Arteritis of the Aortic Arch, resulting in no pulse. Seen in young women.
* WOLF-PARKINSON WHITE SYNDROME: ECG pattern of Paroxysmal Tachycardia.
o Short PR interval
o Delta wave = early QRS complex.

IATROGENIC (or Secondary to Medical Treatment)

* AFFERENT LOOP SYNDROME: Gastrojejunal loop obstruction, proximal to a gastrojejunostomy.
o Ingestion of food produces nausea, pain, and duodenal distension.
* ASHERMAN'S SYNDROME: Adhesions within the endometrial cavity, causing amenorrhea and infertility.
o Adhesions probably were caused by surgery.
* ULYSSES SYNDROME: Ill effects from follow-up diagnostic tests following a false-positive screening test.

NEOPLASTIC (Malignant or Benign)

* CARCINOID SYNDROME: Carcinoid tumor producing Bradykinin + Serotonin ------> secondary symptoms:
o Cyanotic flushing
o Diarrhea
o Bronchial spasm
o Edema, ascites.
* CRONKHITE-CANADA SYNDROME: GI-Polyps with diffuse alopecia (hair-loss) and nail dystrophy.
o May see protein-losing enteropathy and malabsorption.
* GARDNER'S SYNDROME: Multiple inherited tumors, hereditary dominant trait.
o Skull osteomas, Fibromas, Epidermoid cysts
o Colonic polyposis (APC gene) ------> predisposition to colonic adenocarcinoma.
* LAMBERT-EATON SYNDROME: Progressive proximal muscle weakness secondary to a carcinoma.
* MEIGS' SYNDROME: Fibroma of ovary with ascites and hydrothorax
* PANCOAST SYNDROME: Tumor near pulmonary apex ------>
o Neuritic pain of chest and arm
o Muscle atrophy of the arm
o Horner's Syndrome (impaired cervical sympathetics)
* PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME: Polyposis (hamartomas) of small intestine
o Also see melanin pigmentation of buccal mucosa and skin around mouth and lips

CONGENITAL

* CEREBELLAR SYNDROME: Congenital Cerebellar Ataxia
* CERVICAL SYNDROME: Supernumerary C7 rib ------> Pressure on brachial plexus ------> pain radiating over shoulder, arm, and forearm over C7 distribution.
* DANDY-WALKER SYNDROME: Obstruction of Foramina of Magendie and Luschka in infants ------> Hydrocephalus.
* DIGEORGE SYNDROME: Congenital absence of 3rd and 4th Branchial Arches (Thymus and Parathyroid Glands) ------> secondary symptoms:
o No cell-mediated immunity ------> Frequent viral and fungal infections
o Characteristic facial deformities
* DOWN SYNDROME: Trisomy 21. Mental retardation, characteristic facial features, Simeon crease in hand.
* FANCONI'S SYNDROME Type I: Bone-marrow hypoplasia ------> refractory anemia, pancytopenia.
* EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME: Congenital defect in collagen.
o Hyper-elasticity and friability of the skin.
o Hyperextensibility of the joints.
* FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME: Fetal malformations, growth deficiencies, craniofacial anomalies, limb defects.
* GOODPASTURE'S SYNDROME: Autoantibodies against basement membranes ------> Glomerulonephritis (kidney) and hemoptysis (lungs).
o Often, death by renal failure
* KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME: Trisomy XXY ------> testicular atrophy, increase in gonadotropins in urine.
* KLIPPEL-FEIL SYNDROME:
o Cervical vertebrate fused
o Congenital short neck, limited neck rotation
o Abnormalities of the brainstem and cerebellum
o Low hairline.
* LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME: Deficiency of HGPRT (Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phospho-ribosyltransferase ------>
o Hyperuricemia, uric acid kidney stones
o Choreoathetosis
o Mental retardation, autism, spastic cerebral palsy
o X-Linked recessive
* MARFAN SYNDROME: Connective Tissue disorder ------>
o Arachnodactyly: Abnormally long digits and extremities
o Subluxation of lens
o Dissecting aortic aneurism
* POSTRUBELLA SYNDROME: Infantile defects resulting from maternal Rubella infection during first trimester.
o Microphthalmos, cataracts
o Deafness
o Mental retardation
o Patent ductus arteriosis, Pulmonary arterial stenosis
* PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME: Short stature, mental retardation, polyphagia with marked obesity, sexual infantilism.
* RENDU-OSLER-WEBER SYNDROME: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
* SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME: Unexplained death in sleeping infants.
* TURNER'S SYNDROME: XO monosomy.
o Dwarfism
o Webbed neck
o Valgus of elbow.
o Amenorrhea
* WILSON SYNDROME: Congenital defect in Ceruloplasmin, leading to buildup of copper ------> mental retardation, cirrhosis, hepatolenticular degeneration.

ENDOCRINE, REPRODUCTIVE

* AMENNORRHEA-GALACTORRHEA SYNDROME: Non-physiologic lactation, resulting from endocrinologic causes or from a pituitary disorder.
* CONN'S SYNDROME: Primary Hyperaldosteronism ------> muscular weakness, hypertension, hypokalemia, alkalosis.
* CUSHING'S SYNDROME: Hypersecretion of cortisol ------> secondary symptoms and characteristics:
o Fatness of face and trunk with wasting of extremities
o Buffalo hump
o Bone decalacification
o Corticoid diabetes
o Hypertension
* PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME: Abnormal sensation in breasts, abdominal pain, thirst, headache, pelvic congestion, nervous irritability.
o Ocassionally nausea and vomiting.
* SHEEHAN'S SYNDROME: Post-partum pituitary necrosis ------> hypopituitarism.
* STEIN-LEVENTHAL SYNDROME: Polycystic ovary ------> infertility, amenorrhea, hirsutism. Seen in obese women.
* TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION SYNDROME: Insensitivity to Testosterone. Male Psuedohermaphroditism
o Complete female external genatalia, incompletely developed vagina, rudimentary uterus.

PULMONARY

* KARTAGENER'S SYNDROME: Situs Inversus (lateral transposition of lungs) resulting from chronic sinusitis and bronchiectasis.
* HAMMAN-RICH SYNDROME: Interstitial fibrosis of the lung.
* MIDDLE-LOBE SYNDROME: Chronic pneumonitis and atalectasis of middle lobe of right lung.
* CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME: Allergic Granulomatous Angiitis: Asthma, fever, eosinophilia.

INFECTIOUS

* FITZ-HUGH-CURTIS SYNDROME: Gonococcal Periphepatitis in woman, as a complication of Gonorrhea.
* GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME: Infectious Polyneuritis of unknown cause.
* HUNT'S SYNDROME: Herpe's Zoster infection of Facial Nerve (CN VII) and Geniculate Ganglion ------> facial palsy.
o Zoster of ear
* PARINAUD'S SYNDROME: Preauricular lymph node enlargement on the same side as conjunctivitis.
* REYE'S SYNDROME: Loss of consciousness and seizures in kids, after a viral infection treated by aspirin.
* REITER'S SYNDROME: Symptom cluster. Etiology is thought to be Chlamydial or post-chlamydial.
o Urethritis
o Iridocyclitis (Conjunctivitis)
o Arthritis
o Skin lesions like karatoderma blenorrhagicum
o Also can see fatty liver or liver necrosis.
* SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME: S. Aureus toxic epidermal necrolysis.
* STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME: Erythema Multiforme complication.
o Large areas of skin slough, including mouth and anogenital membranes.
o Mucous membranes: stomatitis, urethritis, conjunctivitis.
o Headache, fever, malaise.
* TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME: Caused by superabsorbent tampons. Infection with Staph Aureus and subsequent toxicity of exotoxin TSST ------> systemic anaphylaxis.
o Fever, vomiting, diarrhea
o Red rash followed by desquamation
* WATERHOUSE-FRIEDRICHSON SYNDROME: Meningeococcal Meningitis ------> DIC, hemorrhagic infarct of adrenal glands ------> fulminant adrenal failure.
o Vomiting, diarrhea.
o Shock
o Extensive purpura, cyanosis, circulatory collapse.

RENAL

* KEMMELSTIEL-WILSON SYNDROME: Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis.
* BARTTER'S SYNDROME: Juxtaglomerular Cell Hyperplasia ------> secondary symptoms:
o Hyperaldosteronism, Hypokalemic Alkalosis, elevated renin and angiotensin
o No hypertension.
o Compare to Conn's Syndrome
* FANCONI'S SYNDROME Type II: Renal aminoaciduria, glycosuria, hypophosphaturia, cysteine deposition, rickets.
* THORN'S SYNDROME: Salt-losing nephritis.

NEUROLOGICAL

* CARPAL-TUNNEL SYNDROME: Compression of Median Nerve through the Carpal Tunnel ------> pain and parasthesia over distribution of Median N.
* FROIN'S SYNDROME: Block in CSF flow ------> xanthochromia (yellow discoloration) of CSF.
* ACUTE-BRAIN SYNDROME: Delirium, confusion, disorientation, developing suddenly in a person that was previously psychologically normal.
* GERSTMANN'S SYNDROME: Lesion between occipital area and angular gyrus ------> symptoms:
o Finger agnosia, Agraphia, acalculia
o Right-left disorientation
* HORNER'S SYNDROME: Loss or lesion of cervical sympathetic ganglion ------>
o Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis
o Enophthalmos (caved in eyes)
* KORSAKOFF SYNDROME: Loss of short-term memory in chronic alcoholism, caused by degeneration of mamillary bodies.
* RILEY-DAY SYNDROME: Familial dysautonomia.

GASTROINTESTINAL

* MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME: Laceration of lower end of esophagus from vomiting ------> hematemesis. Often seen in alcoholics.
* MALABSORPTION SYNDROME: Impaired absorption of dietary substance ------> diarrhea, weakness, weight loss, or symptoms from specific deficiencies.
* BARRETT SYNDROME: Chronic peptic ulcer of the lower esophagus, resulting in metaplasia of esophageal columnar epithelium ------> squamous epithelium.
* ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME: Gastrin-secreting tumor in pancreas ------> Severe peptic ulcers, gastric hyperacidity.
* PLUMMER-VINSON SYNDROME: Esophageal Webs, leading to dysphagis and atrophy of papillae of tongue.
o Also see hypochromic anemia, splenomegaly.

RETICULOENDOTHELIAL, HEMATOLOGIC

* BANTI'S SYNDROME: Chronic Congestive Splenomegaly with anemia, caused by either Portal Hypertension or Splenic Vein Thrombosis.
* BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME:
o ACUTE: Hepatic Vein Thrombosis ------> Massive ascites and dramatic death.
o CHRONIC: Gradual hepatomegaly, portal hypertension, nausea, vomiting, edema, ulimately death.
* DUBIN-JOHNSON SYNDROME: Defect in excretion of conjugated bilirubin ------> recurrent mild jaundice. Buildup of direct builirubin in blood.
* CHIDIAK-HIGASHI SYNDROME: Abnormalities in leukocytes with large inclusions.

* CRUVEILHIER-BAUMGARTEN SYNDROME: Symptoms cluster:
o Liver cirrhosis
o Caput Medussae
o Venous hum and thrill
* FELTY'S SYNDROME: Rheumatoid Arthritis with splenomegaly, leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia.
* LOFFLER'S SYNDROME: Eosinophilia with transient infiltrates in lungs.
* PARINAUD'S SYNDROME: Preauricular lymph node enlargement on the same side as conjunctivitis.

UNCATEGORIZED

* YELLOW-NAIL SYNDROME: Stop growth of nails ------> increased convexity, thickening, and yellowing of nails.
o Found in Lymphedema, bronchitis, chronic bronchiectasis.
* COSTOCHONDRAL SYNDROME: Pain in chest with tenderness over one or more costochondral junctions.
o Similar to Tietze's Syndrome but no specific inflammation.
* TIETZE'S SYNDROME: Costochondritis. Swelling and tenderness of the costal cartilege.
* MIKULICZ'S SYNDROME: Salivary and lacrimal enlargement as seen in several diseases:
o Sarcoidosis
o Tuberculosis
o Leukemia
* MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME: Malingering -- fabrication of a clinically convincing disease by an itinerant malingerer.
* PICKWICKIAN SYNDROME: Symptom cluster
o Obesity
o Hypoventilation
o Somnolence
o Erythrocytosis
* RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME: Need to stretch legs at night before going to sleep; twitch in legs causing insomnia.
* STRAIGHT BACK SYNDROME: Loss of normal kyphosis of thoracic spine ------>
o Straight spine
o Ejection murmur
o Widened cardiac silouhette on x-ray
* SJ?REN'S SYNDROME: Autoimmune complex
o Keratoconjuctivitis Sicca (dry eyes and mouth)
o Dryness of Mucous membranes
o Telangiectasias in face
o Parotid enlargement